Essay on Abstinence Teen Sexual Activity

Article on Abstinence Teen Sexual Activity Article on Abstinence: Teen Sexual Activity Murdering Abstinence In Killing Abstinence by Robert Rector Robert Abstinence programs are addressed. Robert expresses that the media had as of late expressed that Abstinence programs had significantly decreased teenager sexual action, and this astonished numerous individuals. As indicated by Robert any individual who was at all knowledgably wouldn’t have been astounded by this reality by any means. Robert likewise discusses the beneficial outcomes being abstinent can have on teenagers, other than the undeniable absence of STDS or capacity to get pregnant. A portion of the other numerous advantages Robert discusses incorporate satisfaction, better evaluations, and that youngsters are all the more scholastically slanted. As indicated by Robert this is just in light of the fact that teenagers who decide to be abstinent are â€Å"somewhat more brilliant and increasingly develop, and have more prominent self-control†. Robert likewise specifies that sex is a â€Å"overpowering mental that can m ake youth free future direction and work focus.† Robert accepts that the principle issue behind high schooler pregnancy is the projects that have supplanted forbearance programs today. Where forbearance programs cautioned adolescents about the threats of sex, the Sex Ed programs that remain are shoddy. Robert says that the educational plan in these sex ed courses shows understudies that society expects and acknowledges high schooler sexual movement and he thinks the forbearance programs worked better to secure youngsters. In any case, Sex Ed programs today don't advance sexual action, and they are a powerful method of helping adolescents. Sex Ed programs are more compelling than forbearance programs By advising youngsters not to engage in sexual relations it just makes them need to do it more. Restraint programs alarm teenagers into intuition they are accomplishing something ‘bad’ in the event that they engage in sexual relations. Human sexuality is a superb thing and we shouldn’t place negative undertones in our teen’s minds. Hormones are at a top during the adolescent years. Teen’s bodies are instructing them to engage in sexual relations, and we shouldn’t cause them to feel terrible about it. High school want to investigate sexuality, joined with a craving to revolt doesn’t coordinate to restraint programs. Sex programs don't ‘accept and promote’ yet they rather ensure. For instance, Sex Ed programs center

Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Essay

DRAKEN needs new development techniques, item improvement and new income sources. The execution plan beneath will recognize the strategy most appropriate for the organization alongside the targets, utilitarian strategies, activity things, achievements, task proprietorship, and asset allotment. Likewise, the arrangement incorporates monetary data including budgetary projections and an earn back the original investment examination graph that will be utilized as the reason for pushing the business ahead. System and Implementation The key system for DRAKEN is to assemble their tasks and promoting around structures and retail locations that are sufficiently huge to have changeless, on location security needs, yet not all that huge that they can set aside noteworthy cash by creating safety faculty in-house. To accomplish this procedure, DRAKEN will: Train watches well for perpetual registration, watch, and observation positions Use publicizing and focused on records to find and market to these client markets Focus explicitly careful administrations and significant level counseling reviews, while re-appropriating or alluding to sellers for security hardware and framework needs (ADT) Destinations As indicated by Pearce, R., (2013), â€Å"Objectives or transient destinations are quantifiable results feasible or planned to be accomplished in one year or less.† DRAKEN will put together its prosperity with respect to meeting the accompanying goals: 1. Utilize extra 25 full-time comparable security monitors before the year's over 2015. 2. Flexibly security gatekeepers to 15 additional structures on a full-time premise by the end the year 2015. 3. Win $2 million in income with net benefit over $300,000 before the finish of 2015. Utilitarian Tactics As indicated by Pearce, R., (2013), useful strategies are â€Å"detailed articulations of the methods or exercises that will be utilized by an organization to accomplish transient destinations and set up serious advantage.† DRAKEN will manufactured a serious edge through significant levels of client care and confirmation. The organization will endeavor to not be a dealer among customers and contracted security watches, as some security monitor suppliers become, however rather be an accomplice in the security and assurance of client’s resources, with security monitors as a significant apparatus in that insurance. This technique will require DRAKEN to painstakingly review a client’s security circumstance and to work with them on plans to overhaul and keep up that security. DRAKEN chiefs will consistently check in with customers and with the watchmen sent to customer destinations to find out about the difficulties they are confronting. Activity things To arrive at its objective markets of building the board organizations and huge retail organizations, DRAKEN will utilize the accompanying strategies: Improvement of a the fundamental â€Å"brochure† site, including extra administrations, including corporate preparing, occasion organizers, vocations at DRAKEN, tributes, and an open blog webpage. Publicizing in exchange distributions read by administrators in these two enterprises Advertising on the web with Google AdWords around watchwords for security administrations and security monitors, particularly connected with these two sorts of clients New, progressively proficient looking business cards and leaflets for the executives and operators to disperse on arrangements and keeping in mind that systems administration with Los Angeles business organizing bunches Direct selling work dependent on buying or creating objective records Direct mail of handouts and letters to these objective arrangements of potential customers in the m ore noteworthy Los Angeles region. Achievements and a cutoff time The spending plans for all promoting and individual relations (PR), and making the handout/writing material and site come out of the working financial plan as they happen. The Chief Operating Officer will deal with all promoting and deals exercises while the CEO will set up bookkeeping and working frameworks and meeting potential gatekeepers. These visual cues keep DRAKEN on target in its significant achievements and cutoff times. This aides DRAKEN the board and everybody inside the organization to have a need to keep moving about what should be finished. Errands and assignment proprietorship The CEO and the COO are the essential salespersons for DRAKEN. They meet with customers at their area to play out an underlying conference and will make recommendations for security administrations dependent on the client’s needs. DRAKEN the executives is following deals possibilities and customers with ACT, a customer the board database framework. The owner’s deals methodology is to listen cautiously to the requirements of the customer and to give affirmation through accounts of their experience and a specialist comprehension of their needs and concerns. While DRAKEN recommendations may not be the most reduced cost offers a potential customer gets, DRAKEN the executives will catch up with care and a similar individual consideration that customers will get on the off chance that they push ahead with utilizing DRAKEN’s administrations. Asset distribution Assets will be dispensed to every single practical unit in the business as per their requirements. Utilitarian units will be required to get ready yearly spending plan for the funds they have to make units operational all through the monetary year. More assets will be focused on exercises that create more pay to the business. A portion of the benefit created from DRAKEN tasks will be utilized in corporate social obligation exercises of the business. Key achievement factors DRAKEN accepts the keys to accomplishment in its industry include: 1. Listening cautiously to customer concerns and targets to make redid security watch bundles 2. Recognizing what the customer doesn't have the foggiest idea (bringing profound security mastery just as information on legitimate guidelines and risk to the table) 3. Preparing security watches cautiously and keeping up their preparation and affirmations (for example to convey guns) 4. Checking theâ quality of security watch administration to offer quality confirmation Budget, and guage financials, including a make back the initial investment diagram DRAKEN hopes to create overabundance money following a lean year of activity in 2015, which can fund its development to an office space alongside a multi year home value advance to help noteworthy development of its representative base in 2016 and 2017 to 25 FTE security monitors (which can be assessed as 10 full-time gatekeepers and 30 low maintenance monitors). Future deve lopment will be financed by the business and will remember propelling tasks for different urban communities out of state and propelling a line of security items. Spending plan The parity of start-up financing for 2015 will be given from DRAKENS’s working capital of $56’000. Deals Forecast Security watch deals will be repeating. Expecting a customer standard for dependability of 90% every year, in view of DRAKEN CEO’s track record in the business, all out deals will raise rapidly. Deals will be a blend of customers requiring every minute of every day inclusion and those with just daytime inclusion. 40% of deals in dollars are normal from every minute of every day customers. Deals are relied upon to meet the goal of $1.75 million in the third year. Direct expenses of deals comprise of provisions explicit to each activity, for example, garbs which must be bought. Uniform might be a marked DRAKEN uniform, or contain the customer’s marking to give the noticeable nearness of security at the place of work. Extra arrangements of regalia must be bought by the watchmen from the assigned uniform supplier. Suits for official security assignments, clothing, and cleaning of garbs is the obligation of the watchmen too. Employment supplies will incorporate materials ide ntified with security reviews and explicit hardware buys for a vocation too. Make back the initial investment Analysis Month to month Revenue Break-even $24,475 Normal Percent Variable Cost 4% Evaluated Monthly Fixed Cost $23,407 The month to month make back the initial investment is low because of the cost reserve funds by working the workplace out of the CEO’s home in 2015. This considers the business to become beneficial rapidly. Anticipated Profit and Loss Security monitor work is assessed at 55% of deals in 2015, dropping marginally to 53% by the 2017 as costs increment and less expensive work opens up because of the scope of representatives. Showcasing incorporates progressing Web facilitating and support expenses, proceeded with updates and reproducing of the leaflet and writing material, extra regular postal mail battles, continuous promoting in exchange distributions, and internet publicizing for the site. Lease, utilities, and deterioration will be costs starting in 2016 when an office space is required. Preparing requires the utilization of bigger gathering spaces for gatherings of gatekeepers which should be leased independently. Preparing cost will be decreased once an office is leased, as the business will pick a space with a meeting room or table to hold worker preparing at the workplace. Preparing will be a continuous cost both because of turnover and because of kept preparing and registration with workers. Licenses and allows will incorporate licenses for new monitors to convey guns and to work, and proceeded with restorations of authorizing and allows for the business every year. Net benefit will swing to a total deficit in 2016 because of the opening of an office space. Net benefit will happen in 2017 again as the business scales up to take care of these extra expenses.

Developing Ears for Travel

Developing Ears for Travel There are three things I hate: large crowds, public speaking, and extensive travel. And yet I find myself on tour once again. In fact, this year’s Less Is Now Tour is our eighth tour in the seven years since Ryan and I started TheMinimalists.com. From Seattle to San Diego, Pittsburgh to Portland, Vermont to Vancouver, we’re traveling to 40 cities this year to talk about living a meaningful life with less. There comes a time, whenever we’re on the road, that I begin to ask myself, “Why in the hell am I doing this again?” Which I should probably ask myself before embarking on another multi-month jaunt around North America. But the initial excitement of planning, coupled with the perceived glamour of exploration, always seems to erase the question. At least for a while. At some point, though, often while we’re parked at a rest stop surrounded by a sea of Midwestern cornfields, that question interrupts my waning excitement, and I begin to wonder what I’ve gotten myself into. That’s when the self-doubt creeps in: Another crowd this evening? Two more hours of talking tonight? Three hundred miles till our next city? Yikes! It’s not that I actually hate people, speaking, or travel. Rather, these things make me uncomfortable. So my answer to my internal why am I doing this? dialogue is simple: I go on tour not only to share our message of simple and intentional living, but also to embrace discomfort. In the modern Western world, once our basic needs are met, we have the means to cocoon ourselves in perpetual comfort. Swaddled by air conditioning, technology, and consumer goods, we ease into a daily life that is rich in luxurious niceties, but lacks the rigor required for sustained growth. And without growth, our lives lack meaning, purpose, and passion. It’s no wonder most people feel discontented today: we’re vessels of anxiety, stress, and debt, camouflaged by consumerism. So, despite my innate desire to stay home and bubblewrap my life, I hit the road, interact with other humans, and face the terror of public speaking in every city we visit. Each night, we meet people from various walks of life: from factory workers to executives, high school dropouts to college professors, monks to hoarders. Whether they’re young or old, rich or poor, black or white, they all ask the same fundamental questions: How do I live a meaningful life? What must I do to regain control? Who is the person I want to become? Sure, these questions manifest differently depending on the individual, but one thing has been made clear to me over the past seven years: we’re all different, and yet we’re all the same. We all struggle, we all fail, and we all desire to be the best version of ourselves, warts and all. Ryan and I stand on stage and present an in-depth talk at each event, but the real reason we host these events is to listen. It would be easyâ€"comfortable, evenâ€"for us to stay at home and discuss simple-living in our books, blog, and podcast. It’s much more difficult, however, to actively listen. Real listening requires letting go of expectations, preconceptions, and the desire to be the center of attentionâ€"it’s uncomfortable to do so, but it’s necessary if we want to grow. Because if we don’t listen to the world around us, it’s impossible to hear what’s going on inside us. That’s why travel is important: it forces us to confront discomfort and develop our ears to hearâ€"and ultimately attempt to understandâ€"other perspectives. In time, those perspectives better shape our own worldview. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Positive and Negative Influences (Great Expectations, Les...

In any good novel, and even in life, people can be influenced in both positive and negative ways. In the three novels that we have read so far, Great Expectations, Là ©s Misà ©rables, and Wuthering Heights, the main characters are faced with negative challenges and influences. Positive guides and influences also affect the characters in these books; the positive guides usually end up winning in the end. In Great Expectations, the main character of the story was Pip. Some of the negative influences that Pip faces include poverty, low self-esteem, abuse, fear, and lack of love. The poverty that Pip endured may have been the cause of his low self-esteem, as well as the influence of Estella. Estella influenced Pip by calling him a common†¦show more content†¦After learning from his positive role model, the Bishop, Jean creates a new life for himself, under a new name, M. Madeline. Under this new name, he creates a factory, and gives the poor people jobs. After a while, a trial comes up, where a man is being charged under his name. At the same time however, a factory worker is struck ill after Jean saves her when he witnesses a shocking event of her being taunted and hurt. He then takes her in, but she grows even more ill. After this, he promises to fetch her daughter from the awful Thà ©nardiers. He then testifies at the trial, this showing his change from bad to good , and rescues Cosette, the workers daughter, after escaping his arrest. In the end, Jean Valjean proves himself a good person by releasing a police detective that had been tracking him. This change was caused by his reaction to the Bishop; behaviorism. This change also could have been in response to his love for Cosette; Existentialism. In the third book, Wuthering Heights, we meet a character named Mr. Lockwood, who meets his proprietor, Heathcliff, and learns quite a bit about his intriguing family. He learns this from his housekeeper, who was a servant for the Earnshaw family for many years. She tells him about long ago, when Mr. Earnshaw brought in a little orphan boy, Heathcliff. Hindley, Mr. EarnshawsShow MoreRelatedSocial Determinants of Health10939 Words   |  44 Pagesbut the population was also seen as valuable to the efforts of Christian missionaries, in particular, the London Missionary Society (Nakata, 2007). There were many disadvantages of missionary influences, such as the destruction of traditional cultural religious practices (Lawrence, 2004). But the positive consequences were also numerous, particularly the hybridisation that was given to forms of religious and secular music. Christianity also provided a shared identity with the focus on unity thatRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesfigure: portrays the multitude of problems faced by America and his helplessness in coming up with solutions): Photoshopped †¢ Inherent bias/political slants †¢ E.g. Fox news channel headed by Republican supporters often portray Democrats in a negative light. Fox’s anchorman compared the logo of the recent nuclear technology forums, approved by President Obama, with the Muslim crescent, accusing Obama of having Muslim inclinations. The logo, in fact, was a representation of the scientific atomRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesutility theory, and alternatives to human resou1rce investments. Investments in training are covered in this section because they are fundamental to the formation of human capital. Firms also invest in many other human resource practices with the expectation that there will be impacts on performance and financial returns. Management Values Fundamental values must be addressed in many human resource issues, particularly those involved in major strategic initiatives. When senior managers formulateRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescontribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoreticalRead MoreShes Dating the Gangster149221 Words   |  597 PagesPrincess Athena says: OPPA!!! bakit ngayon   ka lang nag online? SangMin says: I have a lot of projects! How are you Princess Athena says: I m okay. Btw, papasok na kami tomorrow ni Sara sa new school namin. ^^, SangMin says: really? that s great! how s Sara nga pala? Princess Athena says: she s fine. She went out AGAIN with some guy. ^_^ SangMin says: Sara talaga. Btw, mag tagalog kayo ha. dont speak in Korean or english, para hinde na kayo magkaproblema sa new school, ok? Princess Athena

Essay about Law for International Trade - 3419 Words

BTW3201 International Trade Law Assignment 2 Jesse Cooper, 21476608 Part A: On the face of it, or prima facie there are three issues that are raised in this case. Firstly, the jeans were delivered late; secondly, the jeans were mouldy and stained; and finally, an incorrect number of jeans were delivered. In order to determine the rights and obligations of Punked Jeans, and which remedies could be availble, there are a number of steps to be taken. What are the governing laws of the case? The governing law of an international contract is important because is defines which domestic system of laws apply to the contract. The governing law is used in the case of disputes between the buyer and seller in the international†¦show more content†¦Issue 2 – Mouldy and Stained Jeans: The second issue in this case is that the delivered jeans were spoiled and mouldy. Prima facie the relevant laws are CISG Article 35, which specifies the seller’s obligations in providing conforming goods, and CISG Article 36, which specifies the seller’s liability for non conformity and the time risk passes, or occurs later as a result of a breach of obligations. Earlier it was shown that Punked Jeans did deliver the jeans, and therefore transferred the risk to SurfLife, at the point of delivery to the carrier, Feilong Transportation Company (Feilong). This means Punked Jeans has not breached Article 35 and 36 because the damage was caused after the goods had been delivered. Therefore Punked Jeans has no obligations to provide remedies for the mouldy and stained jeans and it would be up to SurfLife to make a claim against the carrier. Issue 3 – Incorrect Number of Jeans: The final issue between Punked Jeans and SurfLife is the incorrect number of jeans delivered. Punked jeans delivered only 14,000 pairs of jeans total, including 2,000 XXL size, which is double the amount that was ordered. Prima facie and incorrect number of jeans breaches CISG article 35, to provide conforming goods. As the goods were nonconforming when they were delivered to the carrier it would appear that Punked Jeans would be in breach. Feilong did provide a clean BillShow MoreRelatedCommercial Law And International Trade Law Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesI have chosen a career in commercial law due to several reasons.Firstly,I thoroughly enjoyed Law of Contract in first year and am thoroughly enjoying Land Law and International Trade Law in second year.I can see myself working in these and similar areas of law for the rest of my life. Secondly,I have a keen interest in the business world.A career in commercial law will allow me to work at the intersection of law and business.Cr ucially,I will get the chance to work on important business deals andRead MoreInternational And World Trade Law1139 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction – International and World Trade Law - Counterfeiting This reflective paper will address several issues associated with international and world trade law as they pertain to counterfeiting and discussing the connections between business, law, politics and ethics with regard to counterfeiting. First, it will discuss the legal and ethical issues related to boycotting goods from other countries, as well as the practical business implications of such a move. Next, this paper will analyzeRead MoreSustainable Development, International Law, and Trade1954 Words   |  8 PagesSustainable Development, International Law and the Impact of Trade At a time when trade continues to expand into the global economy, issues such as climate change, environmental protection and sustainable development are becoming increasingly important considerations in the process. However, the question is whether these issues are being adequately addressed by current International trade regulations, trade agreements and International law. According to the Australia Government, â€Å"sustainable developmentRead MoreInternational Trade Law And The United States1968 Words   |  8 Pagesrule of law, but the systems in each country differ. For example, while the UK has common law, the USA uses civil law, so this can see that countries apply differing approaches to jurisdiction and the law. International Trade Law governs cross-border trade in goods and services and serves to provide a legal framework for exchanges between parties located in different countries. In these circumstances, it is common that the trading parties are not familiar with each other before engaging in trade, soRead MoreInternational Trade Law Flexibilities And Their Utilization1859 Words   |  8 Pages3. International Trade Law Flexibilities and their Utilization in Africa Thirty-nine African states are in the WTO. These states have the duty to comply with the WTO treaties, which among others includes the TRIPS Agreement. The Agreement requires states to respect the rights of patent holders over their products. Accordingly, only the patent owner has an exclusive right to make, use, to offer for sale, sell, or import the product. Nevertheless, amendments to the TRIPS Agreement issued exceptionsRead MoreInternational Trade Law: a Problem Question2311 Words   |  10 Pagesof where and before who the matter is heard, the substantive issues of law are still the same. Mr Williams is refusing to pay Mr Wu, as he is holding him to be in breach of several contractual obligations. Contractual Precedence It seems as though Mr Williams believes that Mr Wu is in breach of contract due to the non-delivery of goods, as is stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) . However, the contract between Mr Williams and MrRead MoreInternational And National Law On Forest Trade And Management4008 Words   |  17 PagesInternational and national law on Forest Trade and management Introduction Forest goods and services are valuable recourses and providing huge benefits to humankinds and all live on earth. Forest can bring about high level of commercial, material, and immaterial benefits. Many countries get benefits from trading in forest goods and services and consider forestry to substantial source of income. On the other side, trade in forest goods and services can contribute to environmental problem and environmentalRead MoreInternational Trade Law Case Study Essay3683 Words   |  15 PagesInternational Trade Law Case Study Introduction International trade transaction is essential for the sale of goods with the addition of an international element. In practice, the seller and buyer are in different countries where the goods must travel from the seller’s country to the buyer’s country by various means of transports. In international sale of goods, they usually transit the Read MoreThe Court s Decision On The Systems Of International Trade Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the court’s decision in Owusu v Jackson (C-281/02) and determine the impact of the decision on the systems of international trade. The aim is to establish how trading partners from different jurisdictions can settle a commercial dispute that may arise in the course of trade and which county’s laws are applicable in international trade disputes. The issues involving international trade are becoming commonplace due to the effects of globalisation and the ensuing economic crisis. The handling of theseRead MoreHard and Soft forms of Globalisation Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the concept of soft law and hard law. â€Å"Soft Law† Nonbinding legal principles are often referred to as soft law. They are of normative nature and are applied only through voluntary acceptance. They are established legal rules that are not positive and therefore not judicially binding (i.e Hard Law). â€Å"Hard law refers to legally binding obligations of the States that are precise and that delegate authority to interpret and implement the law while soft law refers to legal arrangement where

Write About a Member of Your Family That You Feel Free Essays

I have one member in my family that truly consider â€Å"special†. This person is my youngest son, Adrian. Let me tell you a few things why I think that he is a special person. We will write a custom essay sample on Write About a Member of Your Family That You Feel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adrian was diagnosed with Autism when he was about 2 1/2 years old. He is anti-social and non-verbal. Anti-social means that he doesn’t interact with others that are around him. For example, Adrian likes to play by himself. The non-verbal means that he has no ommunication through speech. Even though h is lacking speech, he can communicate his needs in his very own way. For instance, when Adrian wants something to eat, he would come to me, grab my hand and pulls me to the refrigerator. On the other hand, it can get frustrating for him because I am the only person that can understand his body language cues. In addition to his anti-social and non- verbal communication, I have to mention that Adrian s the most loving child I have seen. The reason being is usually children with Autism do not like to be hugged or cuddled. Adrian loves to give hug and cuddle with me as well as he does with others. Finally, I understand that my son is anti-social and non-verbal. At the same time, he has the ability to be social and communicate with me. He does it in a way no other person would it. As a result of this, I feel that this makes my son a â€Å"special† person. How to cite Write About a Member of Your Family That You Feel, Essay examples

Family Celebration free essay sample

Celebrations doesn’t have to be big, it can consist of a grandmother, mother, father, brother, sister or friend. I think everyone has a memory of some type of family celebration in their life time. I really believe families should celebrate special occasions together and depend on one another in any type of situation. A Family Celebration On April 7, 2011, my daughter Kemari Leah was born at 9:11am. That was a very special celebration to me. Not all my family members were there, at the hospital, but my immediate family (mom, brother, sister, and fiance) were. It was such a joy to have a new edition to the family. Since I had her before the expected delivery date, I wasn’t able to have my baby shower as planned. So instead everyone decided to come by my house a day after we got home from the hospital. Almost everyone showed up; cousins, aunts, and friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Celebration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was nice; my mom cooked a big dinner for everyone. My family bought Kemari lots of pretty gifts (clothes, pampers, etc. ). At the end of the celebration, everyone was leaving out, saying how much they love me and Kemari.It was great to feel all the love from my family and friends. It just felt like I can depend on them for anything. November 21, 2010, was the day my daughter received her Baby Blessing. Kemari was seven months at the time. This celebration only included my cousin and her husband, my mother, my fiance, and best friend. My best friend is my daughter’s godmother; she has been a part of my family for 16 years. So it meant a lot to me, to have her there as well. Even though it was a small family celebration, it was a special occasion, which required family to be a part of.It’s great to be able to depend on your family during celebrations and special occasions, which means a lot to me. Family should be able to depend on family. I feel family should be in your corner whenever you need them to be. I can’t remember a time in my life, where I didn’t have a family member to depend on. My family is very special to me; I can count on them for anything. I want my daughter to feel the same way, when she gets older. I guess what I’m trying to say, is that I hope someone feels the same as I do about family.

Animal Farm Essays - Fiction, Literature, British Films,

Animal farm By. George Orwell Characters: The main characters in Animal Farm were Napoleon, Snowball, Boxer, Clover, Jones, and Squealer. Most of the main characters are animals, excluding the only human, Jones. Jones was the owner of Manor Farm. He was constantly drunk. His physical appearance wasn't really described in the novel, but I picture Jones as a tall, slim fellow. He might have a slight pouch (possibly due to his alcohol addiction). He really doesn't seem to care about his animals, and continually continues to abuse them. He thinks it's the end of the world whenever something goes wrong. Napoleon is the bad pig of the story. He was a rather large Buckshire boar .He wasn't much of a talker, but had a reputation for getting his way. He is very selfish, and most of thee time could care less about the others. Many of the other animals were afraid of him. Napoleon knew he had control of the other animals because of this reason. Snowball was a more viscous pig than Napoleon. He was quicker in speech, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. Squealer was the best known out of all the pigs with round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements and a shrill voice. He was a brilliant talker. When he was arguing he had a way of skipping from side to side and whisking his tail which was somehow very persuasive. The other animals said that he could turn black into white. Boxer is an enormous beast. Nearly eighteen hands high, and as strong as two ordinary horses put together. A whit strip down his nose gave him a stupid appearance, and a fact he wasn't a first-rate intelligence, but he was universally respected for his steadiness of character and tremendous powers of work. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life. She never quite got he figure back after having her forth foul. She was very smart and still beautiful. Story Tone: The tone of the story was different in every chapter. In some chapters animals were killed or slaughtered by their own kind. Many chapters were brief and boring. My favorite tone is when they go on rampage against the original owners. That's only because those parts are really exciting. The overall tone of the story is medium. Some parts are exciting and there are some slow and boring parts along with it. Setting: The setting is the most important part. The animals are all fighting for the setting. The want the farm don't they? It wasn't a backround to the plot though. The farmhouses and the barns and storage areas all add up to parts of the story coming out of their hiding places. It sort of opens up other parts of the novel. The Plot: After the old Mayer died the animals planned a rebellion against the humans, partly because of Jones's drinking problem. They thought they could take care of them selves with the knowledge of the pigs. Napoleon soon started to control the animals with the power of his looks and with his nine snarling dogs. He soon started to take whole farm over. Then they named it animal farm. They believed in the saying, ?Four legs good, two legs bad?. Before long the animals soon realized that the pigs weren't any different then the humans. They were secretly talking and making friends with the humans. The pigs broke the rules and regulations. At the end the pigs joined powers with their prime enemies, humans. You could no longer tell pig from man. Life was worst than before with Jones. Theme: The theme of the novel is you can think that you have it bad until you decide a new way out. That way can lead to a worst life and you can be stuck there thinking of how much better your life had been before. People or animals won't be who you think they are anymore. Your best friend could be you worst enemy the minute you leave the room. The point is you should leave your life they way it is. Wait for it to get better. My Opinion: My personal opinion of this novel was that it was great. You can just get a kick of some

Kubla Khan Essays - British Poetry, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Kubla Khan Essays - British Poetry, Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kubla Khan Kubla Khan If a man could pass thro' Paradise in a Dream, & have a flower presented to him as a pledge that his Soul had really been there, & found that flower in his hand when he awoke Aye! and what then? (CN, iii 4287) Kubla Khan is a fascinating and exasperating poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (. Almost everyone who has read it, has been charmed by its magic. It must surely be true that no poem of comparable length in English or any other language has been the subject of so much critical commentary. Its fifty-four lines have spawned thousands of pages of discussion and analysis. Kubla Khan is the sole or a major subject in five book-length studies; close to 150 articles and book-chapters (doubtless I have missed some others) have been devoted exclusively to it; and brief notes and incidental comments on it are without number. Despite this deluge, however, there is no critical unanimity and very little agreement on a number of important issues connected with the poem: its date of composition, its meaning, its sources in Coleridge's reading and observation of nature, its structural integrity (i.e. fragment versus complete poem), and its relationship to the Preface by which Coleridge introduc ed it on its first publication in 1816. Coleridge's philosophical explorations appear in his greatest poems. 'Kubla Khan', with its exotic imagery and symbols, rich vocabulary and rhythms, written, by Coleridge's account, under the influence of laudanum, was often considered a brilliant work, but without any defined theme. However, despite its complexity the poem can be read as a well-constructed exposition on human genius and art. The theme of life and nature again appears in 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner', where the effect on nature of a crime against the power of life is presented in the form of a ballad. 'Christabel', an unfinished 'gothic' ballad, evokes a sinister atmosphere, hinting at evil and the grotesque. In his poems Coleridge's detailed perception of nature links scene and mood, and leads to a contemplation of moral and universal concerns. In his theory of poetry Coleridge stressed the aesthetic quality as the primary consideration. The metrical theory on which 'Christabel' is constructed helped to break th e fetters of 18th-century correctness and monotony and soon found disciples, among others Walter Scott and Lord Byron. Opium and the Dream of Kubla Khan Coleridge's use of opium has long been a topic of fascination, and the grouping of Coleridge, opium and Kubla Khan formed an inevitable triad long before Elisabeth Schneider combined them in the title of her book. It is tempting on a subject of such intrinsic interest to say more than is necessary for the purpose in hand. Since the medicinal use of opium was so common and wide-spread, it is not surprising to learn that its use involved neither legal penalties nor public stigma. All of the Romantic poets (except Wordsworth) are known to have used it, as did many other prominent contemporaries. Supplies were readily available: in 1830, for instance, Britain imported 22,000 pounds of raw opium. Many Englishmen, like the eminently respectable poet-parson George Crabbe, who took opium in regular but moderate quantity for nearly forty years, were addicts in ignorance, and led stable and productive lives despite their habit. By and large, opium was taken for granted; and it was only the terrible experiences of such articulate addicts as Coleridge and Dequincy that eventually began to bring the horrors of the drug to public attention. Coleridge's case is a particularly sad and instructive one. He had used opium as early as 1791 (see CL, i 18) and continued to use it occasionally, on medical advice, to alleviate pain from a series of physical and nervous ailments. But the opium cure proved ultimately to be more devastating in its effects than the troubles it was intended to treat, for such large quantities taken over so many months seduced him unwittingly into slavery to the drug. And his life between 1801 and 1806 (when he returned from Malta) is a somber illustration of a growing and, finally, a hopeless bondage to opium. By the time he realized he was addicted, however, it was too late. He consulted a variety

The concept of Pop Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The concept of Pop Art - Essay Example The concept of design of composition being the strongest element within a work that was developed in the Modern Art period carried into the Pop Art period. According to Sagart, â€Å"The movement focused on pure form, spiritual harmony, and order† (223). However, the movement disregarded the concept of a real object in favor of the movement of graphic images within line and space. Abstract Expressionism, a part of the postmodernism movement that created an artistic counter-culture to modernism, also had a place in creating the culture in which Pop Art would thrive. Influenced by the work of Surrealists such as Hans Hoffman, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Thomas Hart Benton who had dripped and flung paint onto their work (Ratcliff 3), this form of painting, which is also referred to as ‘action painting’ is typified by the work of Jackson Pollock. According to Rochberg, â€Å"The color explosion that was Abstract Expressionism seems to have been born of post-Cubism, e arly Expressionism, and Surrealism† (194). For the most part, objects no longer have a place in painting for the Abstract Expressionist. The movement of color becomes a sometimes chaotic and aggressive expression that exists purely to â€Å"delight the eye†. Pop Art was a result of the experimental nature of the modernists and the post-modernists. Pop Art became a mirror that reflected the social experience of a consumerist, media driven culture that worships celebrity and perceived perfection. The prints of Andy Warhol can create a commentary.

The Franchise As A Form Of Business Organization Essay

The Franchise As A Form Of Business Organization - Essay Example The franchising concept allows people the ability to purchase a business concept from the franchise. There are lots of benefits associated with franchising. The first benefit is that the franchisee obtains the brand value of a company without having to invest years of marketing efforts to make the company popular. The franchisor is responsible for the marketing budget of the company. Big name franchises such as Burger King, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell spend millions of dollars each year in advertising to attract customers to the establishments of its franchise owners. When a person purchases a franchise they receive full training on how to operate the business from the franchisor. McDonald’s provides training to its franchisees by sending them to Hamburger University. The franchisor also helps the franchise find a good location for its establishment. The person that buys a franchise gets access to the privileged intellectual property, special formulas, and trade secrets that the company holds. As part of the contract, the franchisee must be purchased the raw materials for its product from the franchisor. Since many franchises have thousands of establishments the matrix company is able to obtain economies of scale that are passed on to the franchise owners. This enables franchisees to have lower material costs than similar businesses competing in an industry. Buying a franchise lowers the overall business risk of starting a company. The person buying a franchise does not have to start a business from scratch. From the first day, the franchise opens the company has an established clientele base that desires the products and services that the franchise offers. Franchises have higher customer retention rates than independent stores. The franchisees receive managerial and administrative support from the corporate headquarters during the lifetime of the business.

Relationship Between Trade Volume and Stock Price Variation

Relationship Between Trade Volume and Stock Price Variation Relationship between trading volume  and the stock price  variation in the London Stock Market Chapter 1 Introduction Trading volume is the signal of activity occurring in a stock that is a product of some sort of stimulus. Stock price variations represent changes in stock pricing as a result of the same factor, outside stimulus. With the foregoing being the case, it is apparent that there is a definitive link between these two facets as they represent the activity that is the purpose of listing companies, to let the market determine their value. Nguyen and Daigler (2006) add illumination to the preceding by using a Wall Street adage that states â€Å"it takes volume to make prices move†, and that â€Å"volume is relatively heavy in bull markets and light in bear markets†. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) adds that is a link that exists between trading volume and price change, and that there is a link between trading volume and the fluctuation level of price change. Thus, from the foregoing, trading volume and stock price variations are linked in their activity. Therefore, it is the nature of this linkage that represents the nuance of the question. The question is, what are the dynamics of that relationship and how does it work? Does trading volume move and affect stock price variations, or is it stock price variations that help to impact upon trading volume? How does trading volume increase or decrease and what are the stock price reactions that can be gleaned from these movements as represented by what cause and effect relationships. These contexts will be explored and examined, taking into account the market mechanism in which they occur, the London Stock Exchange, and how such dynamics interact upon each other. The London Stock Exchange was founded on 3 March 1801 and represents one of the world’s largest and most active stock exchanges, and its formation provided a market for securities as well as regulations in the manner in which business in the case of public companies should be conducted through monitoring and adjudication by a committee that was â€Å"†¦ enforced by the threat of expulsion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Michie, 1999, p. 35). Stock markets represent an organized and regulated system where capital allocation occurs through the trading of securities that represent the shares of listed companies (Baumol, 1965, pp. 2-10). Companies that develop new products, build a reputation in consumer or industrial markets, earn dividends and returns, and allocate their resources to build internal value that is translated into stock pricing. The foregoing represents simplistic explanation of a process that in reality is an extremely complex matter. The anticipated and â€Å"†¦ exp ected future dollar benefits to be received by stockholders are dividends†, which represent the means via which returns on stockholder investment are transferred directly back to the shareholders (Bolten, 2000, p. 9). Thus shareholders and potential investors in companies look at a company’s past, present and future projected earnings as a factor in whether to acquire, retain and or hold onto a stock. There are numerous factors at work in the market a company operates in, as represented by competitive positioning, the overall economic situation, demand for products, goods and or services in the industry sector the company operates in, new developments and a host of other variables that can and do affect company performance, earnings and the ability to pay dividends, all of which represent risk. The importance of the preceding is that these risks can either result in positive or negative developments, thus, if a stock is projected to and or is returning dividends lower than when the stock was acquired, its price will reflect this and subsequently be lower, with the opposite also being true (Bolten, 2000, p. 10). However, the preceding alone does not explain and or portray stock pricing on its own as there are other variables that will be discussed and examined in this analysis to draw correlations to the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations. Trading volume represents the number of shares that are traded during a given time period (investorwords.com, 2007) thus the preceding is relatively straightforward and easy to visualise. However, there are other underlying factors that represent deeper and more complex determinants that are part of stock trading volume. The varied facets of stock pricing, reflecting the relative success and or position of the company in terms of is sales, competitive posture, earnings performance, dividends, management, future industry prospects, product innovations, public relations activity along with the correlation of price/earnings ratios and numerable other factors that have a bearing on and in this process (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The forces inherent in the stock market itself as represented by shorting activity, bid/ask spreads, institutional, professional and individual traders as well as economic forecasts and interest rates all have differing influences and effects within the pre ceding dynamics (Lo and Wang, 2000, pp. 267-300). The foregoing is a summary of the highly complex process of stock price variations that are effected and influenced by the complex variable of factors that interact upon each other. There are a number of theories on trading volume, just as there are for stock price variation. Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) along with Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) put forth that when stocks are experiencing trading volume that is unusually high, or low, earn either positive, or negative abnormal returns rise or retreat during the next month. This is explained as being a result of what they term as the combined return effect that is due to the increased, or decreased, stock visability after the aforementioned high or low trading volume. In this theory, Mingelgrin et al (2001, pp. 877-919) and Anshuman et al (2001, pp. 3-32) argue that stock visability can affect price as a result of a number of rationales. Mayshar (1983, pp. 114-128) draws the conclusion that when a stock experiences either high volume, the effect suggests either optimisum, in the case of buying activity, or negativeism, in the case of selling, that triggers additional activity based upon the premise of at tracting, in the case of buying, additional investors or added buying by present stock holders causing the demand curve to shift upwards. Such effect can be the result of positive news regarding the company concerning sales, meeting profit and or sales targets, and or estimates, positive economic news, and other variables with the reverse, selling sctivity, is also true. Other theories and approaches to the explanation of trading volume can take the form of investor trading styles, beliefs and or theories. Some, investors, utilize trading styles that are based upon the characteristics of the stock correlated against the company’s size and or momentum at a particular point in time (Admati, and Pfleiderer, 1998, pp. 3-40). There are investors, such as professional traders that utilize technical analysis as well as quantitaive strategies for trading whereby if the conditions fit their parameters they invest in large blocks of stock, thus drawing attention to the stock inviting similar or more analysis and potential buying activity (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199). The basic unifying theory behind this type of investor trading style is that they tend to hold and acquire stocks that fit their defined characteristics. Conversely, when a stock selection no longer fits these pre-defined style paramters, they tend to be sold, thus creating an other type of trading volume swing if their share holdings are large enough, through the influencing of other shareholders, many of which utilize computer trading programs that detect and alert them to stock momentum swings (Barberis and Shleifer, 2003, pp. 161-199). Stock trading represents the opportunity for investors to profit on the upward movement of companies when their strategy is based upon price appreciation as opposed to dividend returns (Dow, 1999). Termed income stocks, dividend buying can occur at any time, but tends to happen mostly after an established period of earnings and dividend growth, whereas growth, or price appreciation trading is generally tied to positive company developments, news, acquisitions, new markets, innovation and changing industry conditions (Dow, 1999). Growth or price appreciation investors sell winners and sell losers or tend to hold or utilize what is known as averaging to buy additional stock as a lower price so that when it moves upward they can either retrieve losses or break even (Odean, 1998, pp. 1775 – 1798). The varied motivations, trading strategies, theories, trading styles and additional aspects are factors tied to company performance, news, market fundamentals, market cycles, stock price s, and other variables which shall be further examined in terms of the various components of trading volume and stock price variation. Chapter 2 – Trading Volume The factors influencing and affecting trading volume can range from the effects of institutional investments, professional traders, trading programs, company momentum, earnings growth, new product introductions and similar positive company news and or developments, economic forecasts, interest rates, speculation, price appreciation or growth, income or dividend investing, price earnings ratios and positive company fundamentals. Each of the preceding represents a factor or factors that investors utilizes in making a determination to buy or sell, thus creating trading volume. The first of these, institutional investing, represents one of the most influential forces in stock market trading as delegated portfolio management, as it is termed, represents investments made by pension and mutual funds representing huge sums of financial resources seeking growth, or price appreciation, returns (Naik and Maug, 1996). This group is the most influential of all the preceding categories as a result of their research staffs, analysts, corporate analysis programs, tracking programs and other measures as portfolio managers have access to the most complete cross section of economic, industry, individual company and overall stock market data. As a result of the large sums of money that portfolio managers control, their buying and selling activities are closely watched and observed by their peers, thus representing tremendous sums of money that can move into and out of stocks based upon developments that these individuals believe represent buying opportunities, or conditions earmarking sale (Naik and Maug, 1996). Portfolio managers in the U.S., as a result of their fiduciary responsibilities have a number of constraints governing their investment decisions and choices which represent â€Å"†¦ protective covenants †¦Ã¢â‚¬  put into place to mitigate agency problems concerning the actions of investment firms and their portfolio managers who are acting in the public trust (Almazan et al, 2004, p. 289). The preceding is a product of the pressures of the compensation based earnings incentives that portfolio managers operate under, and the risk taking decisions they are subject to. The incidence of peer watching in this industry is an important facet of their investment making decisions as opposed to the belief that they tend to act on individual information and analysis, which is the case for the brightest and most respected of this group, but by and large portfolio managers tend to be followers (Naik and Maug, 1996). The foregoing provides an explanation as to why there are huge monet ary movements into and out of stocks triggered by investment decisions of a key respected group. U.S. pension fund strategy tends to invest more heavily â€Å"†¦ in lower volatility domestic bonds than their UK counterparts †¦ (which tend to) †¦ have a far larger weighing in higher volatility equities† (Blake et al, 1998). In terms of regulations imposed upon UK portfolio managers represents the less restrictive â€Å"†¦ of externally imposed restrictions †¦ on their investment behavior †¦Ã¢â‚¬  found anywhere in the world (Blake et al, 1998). UK portfolio managers are basically â€Å"†¦ unconstrained by their liabilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦ trustee sponsors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  basically do not infer with their daily operations and investment choices, which is different from â€Å"†¦ their counterparts in continental Europe and elsewhere †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blake et al, 1998). This means that UK portfolio mangers can invest in basically â€Å"†¦ any security in any asset class in any currency †¦ and in any amount †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , however there are trustee resistances to derivatives as well as statutory differences regarding â€Å"†¦ self investment in the sponsoring company† (Blake et al, 1998). The preceding is in sharp contrast to portfolio mana gers in the United States who face substantial regulatory controls and litigation threats â€Å"†¦ over imprudent investment behavior †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blake et al, 1998). This relatively open and unconstrained investment climate gives UK portfolio managers a large degree of latitude, thus the effects of their investment decisions, monetary movements and reactions of peers and laggards, meaning those who tend to follow the buying and selling behaviours of the more astute managers, has a more profound effect on trading on the London Stock Exchange than in the United States and many other markets. The effect of the follow the leader approach, as put forth by Naik and Maug (1996), does have its supporting points. Fund managers are usually benchmarked against the performance of other fund managers, thus their having usual downward deviations as compared with the industry as a whole can have consequences in terms of their careers and or rankings, whereas standard returns represent the expected performance of the industry and thus investors in the fund are not negatively impacted (Naik and Maug, 1996). The preceding is referred to as a â€Å"†¦ relative performance evaluation element †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and this represents important factors that thus influence the decisions of the portfolio manager’s on how he allocations assets (Naik and Maug, 1996). The importance of the examination of the operational facets that portfolio managers operate under is important in the discussion of the relationship between trading volume and stock price variations in the London Stock Exchan ge as a result of the huge sums of money that portfolio managers control and how such impacts upon the decisions of other investor areas, professional traders, trading programs, style investors, and private investors as a result of their clout. The impact of the preceding is found in the highly concentrated nature of the fund management industry in the United Kingdom whereby a poor fund performance stands out more than in the United States, thus they stand the risk of losing substantial market share as a result of poor performance (Blake et al, 1998). Thus, while UK portfolio managers have less outside regulatory constraints, the market dynamics with regard to the reduced number of funds thus makes them more risk averse, thereby the decisions they make are viewed as being sound by their peers and the general public (AON, 2005). In equating the relative influence that UK portfolio managers have in the market is reflected by the fact that â€Å"†¦ fund assets for UK companies are around 27% (2004) of the market capitalization† of a company, as opposed to approximately 16% in the United States (AON, 2005). The preceding means, according to an analysis conducted by AON, that the theoretical â€Å"†¦ impact on the share price of UK companies †¦ (by funds is) †¦ 7% †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as compared to the impact of funds on share price in the United States that is estimated at 4%. To gain a perspective on the foregoing, one needs to have a broad picture of the ratio of pension funds in relationship to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, which stood at an estimated 43% in 2004 (Roldos, 2004). The preceding represents significant influence that funds hold over the market and thus the share prices of companies by their investment decisions. Pension funds and other institutional investors have and do play an important part in the â€Å"†¦ substantial growth and structural changes in capital markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as a result of their providing a means for smaller investors to pool their risks thereby providing them with increased diversification as well as reduced risk and enhanced return (Roldos, 2004). The impact and influence of UK pension funds represent ownership of 16% of listed UK companies, or  £230 billion (FairPensions, 2007). The growth in the power of pension funds and other institutional funds is and has replaced savings in banks as the means for individuals to build retirement income thus representing the growth in the importance, impact and power of funds in the stock and other asset investment markets (Roldos, 2004). The preceding is a significant in that funds will continue to experience their growth patterns thus increasing their impact in investment vehicles and the corresponding influence over pricing and valuations. The importance, impact and influence of institutional funds, which in this context shall refer to pension as well as other fund types, which are at the core of the important relationship between economic development and finance which entails an understanding of the theories, rules, institutions and systems that interact with and impact financial markets and thus stock performance. One theory, ‘efficient market hypothesis’, is defined by Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) is one whereby security prices always reflect the available information regarding the fiscal standing of a listed company. Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) indicates that there are three types of ‘efficient market hypotheses’; the weak, strong and semi-strong forms. The ‘weak form’ suggests that past returns and or prices are a reflection of future returns and or prices, and this form has seemingly held true as a result of the inconsistencies in the performance of technical analysts (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Fama (1970, pp. 383-417) expanded upon the ‘weak form’ concept, including the predicting of future returns utilizing macroeconomic variables and or accounting tools, with the factor of predictability representing the case for arguments against this form. The ‘strong form’ suggests the prices of securities are a reflection of all available data, even that which resides in the private sector, which is open to question in that the well known insiders trading profits are not immediately or readily incorporated into trading prices as put forth by Seyhun (1986, pp. 1337-1345). The ‘semi-strong’ form puts forth that the prices of securities is a reflection of all public information that is available, thereby indicating that securities are not over or under valued, which means that trading is not capable of generating superior returns (Fama, 1970, pp. 383-417). Pinkerton et al (1996, pp. 247-266) tested this hypothesis through intraday tests concerning the release of public information that provided evidence that such developments impacted the price of stocks within minutes, thereby validating this hypothesis in most instances. However, those changes were a result of selected availability to the information by traders and institutional investors whose buying or selling of stock represented the fuel for corrections, thus not proving the theory to hold true as to public information availability adjustments. This was proven via studies conducted concerning announcements such as earnings, stock splits, divestures, takeovers and capital expenditures whereby stock pricing adjustments, in general, happen in a day as opposed to the theory as put forth by the efficient market hypothesis. The ‘efficient market hypothesis’ makes the strong assertion that since new information is available and thus incorporated into the stock price, that such information (new) thus helps to spark increased buying or selling based upon the nature of such information. Ball and Brown (1968, pp. 159-178) conducted a study in the foregoing area with respect to earnings and indicated that the normal prediction of this area represents accountants calculating income from divisions, cost, production, overhead, depreciation, taxes, research and development, leases, and all manner of computations to arrive at projected earnings for a company based upon the information supplied at a given point in time. New and probable income and or market events are generally keep in the accounting area as scenarios that they can utilize to make adjustments to earning when any of the prior predicted occurrences happen, thus there is a delay in the transference of this new information into real terms, hence the statement of stock price corrections taking about one day to manifest themselves, which is contrary to the efficient markets hypothesis. Muscarella and McConnell (1985, pp. 399-422) in their study of capital expenditures found that unanticipated increases in this ar ea had a positive outcome on the market value of a company, and that the reverse was also true. Thus the announcement of such events first sends analysts scrambling to their computers to work in the new variables, thereby effecting a delay in the stock price, with immediate buying taking place as portfolio managers understanding the plus or minus connotations of such announcements and thus getting in of the anticipated stock rise before it happens, meaning volume drives the price before the figures are known and then the price settles in. Chapter 3 The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks To understand the dynamics with regard to the stock trading process, an understanding of the mechanisms is important. Every security that is traded on the London Stock Exchange has a market maker who thus provides a quote representing the buy and sell price of the stock, with the difference between the bid and offer spread representing where they make their profit (StockExchangeSecrets.com, 2007). Marker makers on the London Stock Exchange utilise the SEAQ, which brokers utilize to find out the current quotation, bid/ask price on a particular security (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The SEAQ is the Stock Exchange Automated Quotation System that is driven by quotes whereby it updates on a continues basis the bid and offer quotes established by market makers (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). However the largest and heaviest traded securities use the SETS, Stock Exchange Electronic Trading System), that is utilized to trade blue chip UK stocks that matches buy and sell orders using a price/time basis (Pagano and Roell, 1990, pp. 63-115). The changes in the bid and offer price are reflective of changes that the market makers use based upon their information about the impacts of stock buying and selling as well as the formulas for a company’s market capitalisation, earnings and other variables. In most instances, the run up in price as a result of buying after an announcement tends to be in line with what the relative value of the announcement has in terms of the company’s position, price earnings ratio, market capitalisation and the weight of the past accomplishments of the company over a long period of time. In other words, when a stock initially goes public, investment bankers utilize highly complex formulas along with valuation methods to determine the value of a company via how many shares are to be offered and the price of those shares (investopedia, 2007). The initial price of a stock is a product of the calculated determination of the varied formulas and the relative attractiveness of a stock in terms of its anticipated public acceptance and build-up through advance interest on the part of institutional and private investors (GlobalInvestment Institute, 2007). As the company settles in to performance and achieving results, the stock price begins to change in what can be termed price adjustments as a result of the establishment of more history on the company and the public’s reaction to it via the laws of supply and demand, meaning the number of shares available and stock price correlations (Hischey, 1985, pp. 326-335). The overall facets determining the price of a stock is a complex set of variables. It represents an estimate that is performed of the cash, that includes the company’s future earnings, which can be extracted from the company factored by the fact that cash in the near term is more valuable that cash represe nting five years hence Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276). In so doing, estimates are run to reach a determination of the risk involved in the receipt of said future cash, or business, along with the time period or periods necessary to accrue the calculated sum(s) (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122). Technical factors as well as the individual and collective sentiments representative of the market place that can thus be termed supply and demand, with technical factors a representation of facts that can be predicted or quantified. The foregoing represent aspects such as the aforementioned position of the company in its industry sector, the rating of its products, goods and or services relative to said industry, positioning of its competitors, its technical and innovative prowess, historical record in its market sector and effectiveness in combating its rivals, the extent of its products and market penetrations in comparison to its competitors as well as its capabilities and resources to deal with and respond to unforeseen events (Brainard and Tobin (1968, pp. 99-122). An example of a company in a solid current market position with sound prospects for the future is Dyson. Its revolutionary Dual Cyclone vacuum represented the first real innovation in the industry in decades, along w ith its revolutionary design, performance and value. The history of dramatic growth and successful expansion into international markets, coupled with its reputation, earnings and positioning as the top selling manufacturer in Western Europe as well as the leading company in the sales of upright vacuums in the large U.S. market in just 16 years represents an example of the preceding (UGS, 2007). The preceding illustrations concerning trading volume have been undertaken to provide the foundational background for a foundational understanding of stock price variation and trading volume on the London Stock Market. As indicated in the examples, factors, theories and explanations utilized represent a complex set of differing variables that are interconnected, yet separate aspects acting within the same context. And number of separate facets can trigger a surge in trading volume of an upward or downward nature that is usually first tied to investor sentiment, and in the case of institutional investors, their individual calculations, projections and analysis of company positions, financials and other factors. And for all of the preceding, it represents a series of initial educated guesses, backed up by technical information, market savvy, and doses of follow the leader, in the case of institutional firms. Chapter 4 – Relationship Between Trading Volume and Stock Price Variations on the London Stock Exchange The importance, impact and influence of trading volume as a compoent in the determination of stock price variations that has been examined through the effects of institutional investing trading volumes, regulations, the follow the leader and peer perspectives, impact of institutional funds as a factor of company and market percentages, efficient market hypothesis, and how stocks are brought and sold. Stock trading volume is linked to the activities conducted by companies as a component of their reputation, future business and earning prospects, the activities of public relations activities to keep the company in the minds of the investing and general public, the effectiveness of its products, goods and services in relationship with its competitors in its industry, and the relative position of the firm in its life cycle. Just as is the case with products that have what are termed their market introduction phase, period of growth, market maturity and sales decline that varying in lengt h and timing (Day, 1981, pp. 66-67), such is also true for companies. The company life cycle (QuickMBA, 2007) represents the stages that a company passes through which can vary in the period of time it remains in certain stages as a factor of its industry type as well as management innovation. The preceding has importance in an examination of stock price variations as well as trading volume in that newer firms will experience more stock price volatility than mature companies that are settled into their industries, such as General Motors, British Airlines, Marks and Spencer, and ASDA/Wall- Mart, as opposed to Dyson, Cambridge Display Technology and innocent. The relative position of a company in its life cycle standing of initial growth / emerging, rapid growth, mature and declining positioning represents a large difference in how the institutional and well as individual investor will view it in terms of it being speculative, growth, long term investment or income, meaning dividends (investopedia, 2007). The preceding represents facets that are reflecte d in its volatility, as initial growth / emerging companies represent a different investment as opposed to a mature company that has been around for decades and has an established stock price. As the later groups, mature and declining companies do not represent the optimum examples to examine stock price variation and their relationship to trading volume, they will be excluded from this examination, as their stock prices are relatively stable, show minor price variation swings and have steady established volume ranges whereby new developments, announcements, news and events, unless extremely dramatic, do not produce large stock price changes. And as is the case with trading volume, stock price variations can have a number of variables that represent differing factors in determining price at any given time. As explained in Chapter 3, The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, the internal mechanisms of the London Stock Exchange operates in pretty much the same fashion as other major exchanges in that it utilizes market makers, bid and offer spreads and computerized quotation systems to provide brokers with information. As explained by Hischey (1985, pp. 326 – 335) companies are a product of their past and present industry performance as well as their reputation and appeal to the public representing supply and demand for its stock in correlation to that performance and projections of its performance in the future. Chan et al (1990, pp. 255-276) advises that the preceding also includes technical calculations of risk, and future performance along with cash positions and value. The ability of the company to demonstrate i ts potential to handle stable and unstable economic conditions as well as known and unforeseen events arising from competitors along with marketplace conditions, and its past history in the handling of these variables are also factors that are determinants of stock pricing (Brainard and Tobin, 1968, pp. 99-122). The correlation between the preceding and the effects of trading volume on stock pricing and how this impacts it, variations, represents a context that calls into play the aspects of trading volume referred to in Chapter 2 – Trading Volume, as well as Chapter 3 – The Process of Buying and Selling Stocks, and how these factors impact on stock price variations. Karpoff (1987, pp. 109-126) as well as Rogalski (1978, pp. 268-274) agree on the fact that there is a positive correlation between trading volume and price changes and that volume is related to price change magnitudes. The mixture of distributions hypothesis represents a dynamic method illustrating returns and trading volume when the information process regarding arrival has been identified (Andersen, 1996, pp. 169-204). Volatility in stocks represents the standard deviation of change in price that occurs in a specific time period (martinsewell.com, 2006). The mixtur

Essay --

In the last couple of years there has been increasing amount of American soldiers being relived from active duty, being sent back to their family and friends. As these men and woman return from war they struggle to reintegrate into their civilian lives. Such strains as Post Traumatic stress disorder and very few job opportunities pose a problem. Eddie Ray Routh a former solider had many strains in his life, which eventually lead him to murder American hero Chris Kyle and Chad Littlefield. Using criminologist Robert Agnew’s â€Å"General Strain Theory†, I will explain the motives behind these murders. Former navy seal Chris Kyle was known as, â€Å"one of America’s deadliest military snipers (Fernandez & Schwirtz, 2013).† Mr. Kyle earned his reputation in Iraq fighting the war on terror killing an estimated 150 Iraqi insurgents. Throughout his time as navy seal he earned two silver stars and five bronze stars for acts of valor. Once Mr. Kyle retired from the military he wrote a book called the, â€Å"American sniper: the Autobiography of the most lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History†. This c...

Life stage

Psychodrama counseling and therapy Involves a number of Important elements, which perhaps Is what makes the psychodrama approach more and more interesting to those who go on developing in their work. (E. G.Erik Erosion's work on life stages and the object relation theory) While in no sense wishing to undervalue the importance of basic listening and responding skills, nor the centrality of a positive therapeutic relationship, the ongoing experience of working with people leads to more and more thirst for understanding how and why different personalities unction differently, why people think, feel and behave the way they do (Jacobs Michael, 1998). – Consider deleting the above.Our experiences and the world around us daily confront us with the fact that effects have causes. Erosion's work on the theory of psychosocial stages of development and Melanie Kelvin's contributions in the Object Relations Theory will be focus of my discussion In the first part of this work. Erikson empha sizes that personality develops in a predetermined order and build upon previous stages of development – the epigenetic principle. He holds that the ego successfully develops when it is able to strictly resolve problems that are socially related.With Klein, the early stages of life are very strategic in the nature of the child's unconscious phantasm visit-a-visit its interaction with the world of reality. This period, she holds, forms the basis for the later development of more complex states of mental life. Erik Erosion's Theory of Life Stages While Freud puts great emphasis on the id and its conflicting interaction with the superego, Erikson talks about the ego and its interaction with the socio-cultural environment. Erosion's model is a combination of â€Å"psychosocial† and â€Å"psychosocial† elements.There can sometimes be an attempt to overcome the human tendency to mistake what can be submitted to established techniques for the true nature of things. â⠂¬â€œ Consider deleting. In his opinion, healing always calls for a holistic attitude that does not argue with established factors but to attempt to Include them In a wider context of some enlightening quality. (Erikson Erik, Erosion's historical experiences Influenced his assumption that â€Å"a human being's existence depends at every moment on three necessary and complementary processes† (Erikson, 1997).These processes are: The biological process – the functional connectivity of the efferent organs that constitute the human body (soma). The psychic process – the function of the psyche which Is responsible for the Individual's experience In the form of the ego synthesis (psyche) and, The communal process – which is about the cultural organization of the interdependence of persons (ethos). There is a symphony among these processes that bring about holistic human event. Hence, any form of failure or the isolation of any one part of the three processes res ults in somatic tension.In view of the indispensability this Interdependence – the organisms principle, Erikson maintains that the process Is Inevitable grounding of the In his description, epigenetic refers to the probability that all growth and development follow analogous patterns. In the epigenetic sequence of development, each organ has its time of origin. (Erikson, 1997) According the epigenetic principle, we develop through a predetermined unfolding of personality, which occurs in eight stages. This principle emphasizes the importance of each organ developing properly at the appropriate stage.He writes that (Erikson, 1997) â€Å"If the organ misses its time of ascendancy, it is not only doomed as an entity, it endangers at the same time the hole hierarchy of organs, â€Å"Not only does the arrest of a rapidly budding part tend to suppress its development temporarily, but the premature loss of supremacy to some other renders it impossible for the suppressed part to co me again into dominance so that it is permanently modified. † Improper development gives rise to detrimental situations. For instance, it could force a child into adulthood.One idea that calls to mind here is the sometimes misapplication of the concept of â€Å"responsible person† in some societies. Children are passively or actively forced to take up great responsibilities which, given their extent f experience and maturity, are not befitting of their age. Thus, the natural process of psychic development is truncated. The possible consequence of such a marred process, lacking in the right support or experience, is maladaptive behavior patterns or malignant behaviors.In a normal physical and emotional development, the individual is faced with tasks that generate in them a trust-mistrust way of relating to their environment. Erikson argues that a balanced form of learning rests on how, say the trust-mistrust elements are managed by the ego. He holds that (Erikson, 1997), â€Å"How, after birth, the maturing organism continues to unfold, by growing playfully and by developing a prescribed sequence of physical, cognitive, and social capacities- all that is described in the literature of child development †¦ If properly guided, can be trusted to conform to the epigenetic laws of development as they now create a succession of potentialities for significant interaction with a growing number of individuals and with the mores that govern them†. Hence, the individual stands the chance of growing psychologically stronger insofar as they are given the appropriate support at each stage of development by the key persons. Erosion's psychosocial theory considers the impact of external factors, like parents and the society, has on personality development from childhood to adulthood.Every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. 1. Infancy: 0-18 Months Old/Trust versus Mistrust. The right amount of feed ing and care is pretty much the determinant factor at this stage. Erikson emphasizes that if the infant is well fed and cared for, it will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust. This however excludes over-indulgence mistrust. On the other hand, infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and eve faith that ‘things will generally be okay'. 2. Muscular – Anal: 18 Months-arrears: Autonomy v Shame.At this stage, a sense of independence of thought, basic confidence to think and act for oneself begins to generate. During this stage the well-cared for child is sure of himself and self-esteems himself in a positive light as against withdrawing into himself in shame. At this stage, defiance, temper, tantrums, and stubbornness can also appear. At this period, children tend to be vulnerable. Besides being shrouded in shame, they are also impacted upon by low self-esteem if they become aware of their inability to learn certain skills. Locomotors: 3-6 Years â⠂¬â€œ Initiative versus Guilt. At this stage the child develops a sense of responsibility which increases their ability to use their initiative. During this stage they experience the desire to copy the adults around them and take initiative in creating play opportunities. They also start to explore the world around them, asking the â€Å"why-questions†. Guilt and sense of inferiority result from being admonished or when there is a belief that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. At this stage the relationship with the family is very significant. 4.Latency: 6-12 Years – Industry versus Inferiority. Here, the child develops the capability of learning social skills that the society requires of them. There is a strong desire to acquire numerous new skills and to acquire knowledge, which helps them to develop industriously. If for any reason there is stagnation, the child may experience feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among their peers. They can have serious problems in terms of competence and self esteem. Here competency is the virtue to strike the balance. 5. Adolescence: 12-18 Years- Identity versus Role Confusion.In adolescence, some form of conflict between struggling to belong to a particular group, being accepted ND affirmed by the group, exists in young people, amidst the desire to also become individuals. This in itself is a big dilemma for them. It is mostly in the early part of this stage that pubic consciousness sets in. 6. Young Adult: 19-30 Years: Intimacy versus Isolation. Young adulthood is the middle stage of adolescence and the concern at this stage of development centers around issues of independence from parental influence, and moving towards autonomy and self-direction.There is also the desire for economic independence. Hence, in order to chart a career path, striving to make the most of homeless in the best possible way. 7. Middle Adult 30-65 Years: Generatively versus Stagnation. The adult person concern a t this stage is to embark on projects that will outlast him; leaving legacies could be having children or establishing projects that will benefit others in the society. It can be making one's mark in the scheme of affairs in the world. Simply, it is to make better the world around us by actively caring for others according to one's capability.Generative feelings contrast with those of stagnation in that in the latter, the individual think of themselves as unproductive and uninvolved in the world round them. Stagnation evokes feelings of disconnect with their environment and failure to improve their life or the society in which the live. Thus, it is a stage whereby to find a sense of purpose and identity informs every experimentation that the adult embarks on. In sum, it is a lasting self image-making adventurous stage in life and in some ways, linkable with the first stage. 8. Maturity/Late Adulthood 65-Death: Ego Integrity versus Despair.This is the stage of stock taking of how one lived their life. It is a moment when thoughts of a productively lived life are rewarded with feelings of fulfillment and integrity on count of one's industrious involvements in the world around them. Or it could be a time of regret and despair for misused opportunities upon reflecting on their experiences and failures. Those who feel proud about themselves indicate they have lived accomplished life hence they associate integrity and satisfaction to themselves. Not having much to regret about their life, they can attain wisdom even when confronting death.The unaccomplished person will feel they have wasted their lifetime and are thus left in bitterness and despair. Nonetheless, these stages are however not set in stone. Though certain issues are nonfood to a particular stage, some others which seem to be pertinent to particular periods can surface at any other time. They are not always resolved by passing through the one stage alone. They could sometimes remain a concern throughout life. Jacobs Michael 1998) OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY: In Fraud's psychoanalysis, the term, â€Å"object† is employed to designate the target of all drives.The object in Fraud's view is a means through which gratification can either be obtained or denied. Object in Fraud's psychology is secondary for the reason that it does not form part of the constitutive nature of drives. But with Melanie Klein, elation's to object are very central to her psychoanalysis, for in her views, it constitutes the fabric of the self. In her contributions in the object relations theory, she explains the nature of the child's unconscious phantasm concerning its mother's â€Å"inside†, which is populated by varieties of organs and babies.She argues that this phantasm is carried on in earlier months of life, but at this time, it is about the child's â€Å"inside† or its internal presence which is populated by body parts substances and people etc. As development progresses, the child's exp eriences with objects in its environment and significant there are internally represented in images. According to Stephen A. Mitchell, (1981, 2), Klein holds that the state of one's internal object world forms the basis of their relations with internal and external objects, as well as the drives, closely bound together, constitute the crucial determinant of the most important psychical process.Klein argues that internal objects are inherent in the child and prior to experience. As development progresses the child's images of objects gradually take on aspects of the real object they represent in the world. The desire to find the real representation f these earliest internal images in relation to a child's environment informs its loving or hateful drives. Klein posits a somewhat similar idea of death instinct in further explanation of the inherent, fantastic early object, as does Freud. She argues that, immediately following birth, the child feels within itself, a threat to its life a nd this must take place if it is to survive.This is seen in the cry which a child gives off at birth. She holds that the child's first experience of an object in the internal or external world at this point grows out of perceptual misinterpretation of some foreign object whose purpose is to annihilate the child. This sort of experience, Klein explains, accounts for subsequent frustration of bodily needs, physical sensations, tension and discomfort in life. Conversely, pleasurable sensations are attributed to good forces. Klein holds that a child has no sense of self or any rational mind, amidst huge and unmediated feelings.The mother is psychologically the child's ego and the means of dealing with these feelings. She argues that (1957, 248), â€Å"†¦ The infant has an innate unconscious awareness of the existence of the mother this instinctual knowledge s the basis for the infant's primal relation to his mother. † Hence, having a great mother has a huge impact on the wel lbeing and development of the child, as well as its psychosis later in life. In contrast to Fraud's emphasis on the intra-psychic conflict of sexual drives, Klein, emphasis is on the breast.For her, the object of the mother- baby relationship is all about the breast. In place of libidinal drives, she posits aggressive drives as the force of the object of a child's relations to its creating environment. Thus, the breast is no less an object for the child as do its mother and father. Object relations theory is largely maternal in approach because it stresses the foundational impact of the intimacy and nurturing of the mother on the child. The relations aspect of Kelvin's theory points to the nature of the structure of interpersonal relationships.This structure can be usefully employed in exploring and tracing what and how experiences might be the cause of present psychosis. â€Å"CAN WE EVER LEAVE THE PAST BEHIND†? The relationship between the present and the past is a fascinat ing one. The idea that the past influences the present can be argued for based on the principle of cause and effect. According to Jacob Michael (1998) â€Å"Older philosophical thinking used this as one of the arguments for the existence of God: that wherever there is an effect, there must be a cause; since behind every cause there must be another, this sequence extends into infinity until the prime cause is reached†. Occasional allusions to insights of some psychologists At a very general level, in the human society is indubitable that civic policies and laws take their shape and form from experiences of the past. Much so, it is with human behavior in all its complexities. Past experiences can act as stabilizing and purporting scripts influence on the trajectory of a present lifestyle. The extent to which this is exclusively true cannot be wholly guaranteed, however.It may also be that suppressing past conflicts is much more pragmatic for some others, and presents a rather f luid ways of managing the present, only that such approach leaves one a prisoner of an unresolved past until it is attended to. It is worth noting that, however one decides to suppress the past, certain events in the present will somehow unravel it. The bereavement experiences of a friend whose mother passed away is one of many examples that calls to mind which demonstrates that past experiences impact on present. Rose, the first child and only sister of five brothers developed a strong bond with her mother.The mother, for her represented her other self. Hence, she was an integral part of Rose development as a human being. The extent of the relationship was such that, now that her mother is no more, Rose finds life rather â€Å"meaningless and worthless to live†. From our discussions, I can deduce and summaries her feelings thus, â€Å"The pillar on which she leant, having now fallen, portends a threat or imaginable discomfort to her continued existence. † Two points s eemed operative in the deep bonding that Rose had with her late mother.First, she is the only daughter and had been taught by her mother on how to be domesticated as is generally and proudly the natural character of African women. As a hardworking and industrious woman her mother remained a model for her. Secondly, to be a first child in the African setting, one gradually develops a sense of responsibility to looking after their younger ones. Of course, Rose as a social being needed to relate and share with someone with whom she found compatible. She was more naturally inclined towards her mother, being the only woman in the family. Though she has friends, her mother was top in her list.She grew to understand what it meant to be loved, supported and to be a responsible woman from her mother. Now that her heroine is no more, Rose is at the stage where she feels an abysmal hollow in her life such that deflecting its impact and projecting her mother's fugue into her environment is inde ed a struggle, having recognized that, she nevertheless, has to find a way to continue to live. How to make best of the â€Å"here and now' is a challenge that confronts her. Thus, to break away from the deeply grafted emotional attachment to her mother is indeed a huge challenge.Thus, on the question of â€Å"can we ever leave the past behind†, and based on the instances of Rose's present condition, I will state that it is somewhat of a difficult a thing to do, depending on how our relationship is impacting on us at a given time. Discussions that we had, I kept the principle of â€Å"triangle of insight† in view while making my inputs Just so that a possible link might be made between the developmental patterns of the images of her internal and those of her external oral; the past and the present. No matter what the content of our past is, it is well worth our while to approach it with an open mind.This can either help us to understand how our past consciously or unc onsciously interferes with our present or how to make best of a not-so-good condition. Rose understands that she needs to get on with life. It is the how of it that is the real task. She needs facing the inevitable with confidence and with a degree of mental and physical independence. Hence, she needs embarking on resolving her past by taking up the tough task of emotional attachment from her late intimate friend, less her physical discomfort in all its forms persist and her instinct for life remains threatened.From Rose's story, I gathered that her mother represented more of a trust figure, while others were somewhat of mistrust figures. She experienced a great deal of protection from her late mother that she so thought of herself as being fragile. Rose's intimacy with her mother appeared not to have given her the opportunity to develop a much healthier relationship with her peers (Erikson). That being the case, she is now faced with the challenge of establishing a trusting relatio nship with others.As much as she cherishes the memory of her mother, she must be careful not to allow her qualities have an overbearing effect on her inevitable adventure, less it will be difficult to establish the degree of trust that her moving on in life needs. Conclusion: The past is in some way informative of who we are, how and why we relate to others the way we do. And so, looking into the past is very necessary but we need to be careful as not to become stuck in it or too Judgmental about ourselves or past history; for there is always something to take from the past in order to meaningfully chart the resent course of life.Rose can only come to terms with the fact that her mother is no more, it is impossible that she will leave her memories and friendship behind. On the basis of the foregoing instances, my position is that it is impossible to completely leave the past behind. Klein, Melanie, (1957) ‘Our Adult World and its Roots in Infancy in Envy and Gratitude and Othe r Works, London: Hogwash, Mitchell, Stephen, (1981), The Origin and Nature of the â€Å"Object† in the Theories of Klein and Birdbrain. Contempt. Psychoanalyst. 17: 74-398, Accessed June 06, 2014, g:mom.